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Learn how to ARR with clear steps for accurate annual recurring revenue calculation, common mistakes to avoid, and tips for tracking your subscription growth.
You probably already know the basic formula for Annual Recurring Revenue: MRR x 12. But as your business scales, you realize it’s not that simple. How do you account for multi-year contracts, seasonal changes, or usage-based fees? What’s the difference between churned ARR and contraction ARR? A surface-level understanding can lead to inaccurate reporting and flawed strategies. To truly leverage this metric, you need to go deeper. This article moves beyond the basics to give you a comprehensive look at the nuances of ARR, showing you how to ARR calculation and analysis can be refined for maximum accuracy and insight.
If your business runs on subscriptions, you know that not all revenue is created equal. A one-time purchase is great, but a long-term customer contract provides stability and predictability. This is where Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR) comes in. It’s one of the most important metrics for any subscription-based company, offering a clear snapshot of your financial health and growth potential.
ARR measures the predictable revenue your business generates from customer subscriptions over a one-year period. It smooths out the monthly ups and downs, giving you a consistent, high-level view of your company’s trajectory. Understanding your ARR is fundamental to making informed decisions, from setting realistic growth targets to securing funding. It’s not just a number; it’s the pulse of your recurring revenue business model, telling you how well you’re acquiring and retaining customers year after year.
Think of Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR) as the predictable yearly income your business can count on from its active subscriptions. It represents the total value of all recurring charges normalized for a one-year period. This metric specifically excludes any one-time fees, like setup charges or professional services, because the goal is to measure the ongoing, predictable revenue stream that forms the foundation of your business.
Essentially, ARR answers the question: "How much revenue can we expect to repeat next year, based on the subscriptions we have today?" It’s a key indicator of financial stability and is often used to evaluate the health of SaaS and other subscription companies.
Tracking ARR is like having a clear roadmap for your business's future. It provides the critical insight you need to make smart, strategic decisions and set achievable goals. When you have a firm grasp on your ARR, you can accurately forecast future revenue, which helps with budgeting, hiring, and planning for expansion. It shows you the direct impact of your sales and marketing efforts on long-term growth.
For investors and stakeholders, ARR is a primary indicator of your company's health and scalability. A steadily growing ARR demonstrates a strong business model and a loyal customer base. By monitoring this metric, you can identify trends, understand what drives growth, and get ahead of potential issues before they become major problems. You can find more valuable insights on how to use financial metrics for strategic planning on our blog.
Your ARR is a dynamic figure that reflects the entire customer lifecycle. At its core, it’s built from the money that comes in regularly from all your active subscriptions. This includes standard subscription fees, recurring membership dues, and ongoing software license fees. However, the calculation doesn't stop there.
To get an accurate picture, you must also account for changes within your existing customer base. This means adding any new recurring revenue from customers who upgrade their plans or purchase add-ons (known as expansion ARR). At the same time, you need to subtract the revenue lost when customers either cancel their subscriptions (churn) or downgrade to a less expensive plan. This complete view gives you a true understanding of your annual recurring revenue and its momentum.
Calculating your Annual Recurring Revenue doesn't have to be complicated. At its core, it’s about understanding the predictable, recurring revenue your business generates each year. Think of it as a snapshot of your company's financial health and growth potential. Getting this number right is essential for accurate forecasting, securing investments, and making smart business decisions. Let's walk through the process step-by-step, starting with the basics and then adding the layers that reflect how your business actually operates. We'll cover everything from simple monthly subscriptions to complex multi-year deals, ensuring you have a clear and accurate picture of your revenue.
The most straightforward way to calculate ARR is by annualizing your Monthly Recurring Revenue (MRR). The basic formula is simple:
ARR = Monthly Recurring Revenue (MRR) x 12
This calculation gives you a quick, high-level view of your annual revenue based on your current monthly subscriptions. It’s the perfect starting point for any subscription-based business. While this formula is fundamental, it’s important to remember that it assumes your MRR will remain constant, which is rarely the case. As we go, we’ll explore how to adjust this calculation to account for customer upgrades, downgrades, and churn, which will give you a much more dynamic and accurate understanding of your business's performance.
Before you can find your ARR, you need a solid grasp of your Monthly Recurring Revenue (MRR). MRR is the total predictable revenue you receive from all active subscriptions in a given month. To calculate it, you simply add up all the recurring charges from your customers for that month. For example, if you have 200 customers each paying a $50 monthly subscription fee, your MRR is $10,000.
Once you have that MRR figure, you can easily calculate your ARR by multiplying it by 12. Using our example, an MRR of $10,000 translates to an ARR of $120,000. This conversion is the foundation of ARR calculation.
What about customers who sign up for multi-year deals? Including the entire contract value in a single year would inflate your ARR and give you a misleading picture of your financial stability. To handle these, you need to normalize the revenue over the contract's lifespan.
The method is simple: divide the total contract value by the number of years in the term. For instance, if a customer signs a 3-year contract for $30,000, the ARR from that contract is $10,000 per year ($30,000 ÷ 3). This approach ensures your ARR reflects the revenue you can reliably expect each year, which is crucial for accurate financial reporting and adhering to revenue recognition standards.
To keep your ARR accurate, you must be selective about what you include. The key is to only count predictable, recurring revenue components. This includes all subscription fees, membership dues, and recurring licensing costs that are part of your ongoing customer relationships.
Equally important is knowing what to exclude. One-time charges should never be part of your ARR calculation. This means leaving out any setup fees, installation costs, one-off consulting services, or any other non-recurring payments. Including these would artificially inflate your ARR and misrepresent the stable, ongoing health of your business. The goal is to measure predictable income, and one-time fees simply don't fit that description.
Not all recurring revenue is fixed. Many SaaS businesses have variable components like usage-based fees, overage charges, or tiered pricing that can change from month to month. While these amounts fluctuate, they are still part of the recurring revenue stream from your customers.
So, how do you account for them? Don't ignore them, but also be careful not to overestimate. A common approach is to only include the committed recurring portion in your ARR calculation—for example, the base fee of a subscription plan. Another method is to use historical data to create a conservative forecast for the variable component. The most important thing is to be consistent in your approach so you can accurately track trends over time.
Your Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR) isn't a set-it-and-forget-it number. It’s a living metric that breathes with the rhythm of your business, reflecting every new customer, every cancellation, and every subscription change. Understanding what makes your ARR go up or down is fundamental to steering your company toward sustainable growth. It’s not just about the final number; it’s about the story behind it. Tracking these changes helps you see what’s working, what isn’t, and where you should focus your energy.
Think of your ARR as the net result of all customer activity over a year. New customers add to it, and departing customers subtract from it. But the movements within your existing customer base—upgrades, downgrades, and add-ons—are just as important. Each of these components tells you something different about your product's value and your customers' satisfaction. By breaking down the factors that influence your ARR, you can move from simply reporting a number to actively managing your revenue engine. For more deep dives into financial metrics, you can find helpful articles on our Insights blog.
Your existing customers are a major source of ARR movement. When a customer upgrades to a higher-priced plan or adds new services, they generate Expansion ARR. This is fantastic news because it shows they’re finding more value in what you offer. On the flip side, when a customer downgrades to a cheaper plan, it creates Contraction ARR. While not ideal, it’s a normal part of the business cycle. Tracking both expansion and contraction gives you a clear picture of customer health and helps you understand how your pricing and product tiers are performing in the real world.
Customer churn is the revenue you lose when customers cancel their subscriptions entirely. It’s a direct hit to your ARR and one of the most critical metrics for any subscription business to monitor. To calculate its impact, you simply subtract the total annual revenue lost from cancellations. While some churn is unavoidable, a high churn rate can signal problems with your product, customer service, or market fit. Keeping a close eye on this number helps you identify issues early and take action to improve customer retention before it seriously damages your bottom line.
Does your business have a busy season? Maybe you sell educational software that peaks in the fall or a fitness app that gets a surge of sign-ups in January. While ARR is designed to smooth out monthly revenue spikes, seasonality can still influence your growth patterns. Understanding these trends helps you create more accurate financial forecasts and allocate resources effectively. For example, knowing when your slow season is coming allows you to plan marketing campaigns or product updates to keep engagement high and minimize churn during those quieter months.
Any adjustments to your pricing or contract terms will directly impact your ARR. If you raise your prices, your ARR will increase as customers renew. If you introduce a new, lower-priced tier, you might see some contraction from downgrades. For multi-year contracts, the calculation is straightforward: divide the total contract value by the number of years. Keeping track of these details manually is tough, which is why having seamless integrations between your CRM, billing, and accounting systems is so important for maintaining accuracy as you scale.
It’s crucial to follow standard accounting principles when calculating ARR. This means you should not include one-time fees like setup costs, consulting services, or installation charges. These are non-recurring and will artificially inflate your ARR, giving you a misleading view of your company's health. Ensuring your calculations are compliant with standards like ASC 606 is non-negotiable for accurate reporting and passing audits. If you're struggling to separate recurring from non-recurring revenue, it might be time to schedule a demo to see how automation can simplify the process.
Calculating Annual Recurring Revenue might seem straightforward, but a few common slip-ups can throw off your numbers and lead to flawed business strategies. Getting your ARR right is about more than just accurate bookkeeping; it’s about having a reliable metric to measure your company's health, forecast future growth, and build trust with investors. When your ARR is inaccurate, you're essentially making decisions with a blurry map.
The good news is that these mistakes are completely avoidable. By understanding what to look out for, you can ensure your calculations are clean, consistent, and truly representative of your business's performance. It often comes down to being disciplined about what you include and exclude from the formula. For high-volume businesses, manually tracking these details can become a major headache, which is why many turn to automated systems to maintain accuracy. Having a clear process and the right tools makes all the difference in producing financial reports you can stand behind. Let’s walk through some of the most frequent errors so you can steer clear of them.
One of the most common mistakes is mixing one-time charges with recurring revenue. Remember, the "R" in ARR stands for recurring. This means you should only count revenue that you can predictably expect from customers on an ongoing basis. One-time fees for things like setup, installation, training, or special consulting projects don't belong in your ARR calculation. Including them inflates your numbers and creates a misleading picture of your company's sustainable revenue stream. Always separate these non-recurring charges to keep your core growth metric pure and accurate. This discipline ensures your ARR is a true reflection of your subscription business's health.
Your customer base isn't static, and neither is your ARR. Throughout the year, customers will upgrade to higher-tier plans, downgrade to lower-cost ones, or churn altogether. Forgetting to account for these changes will quickly make your ARR calculation obsolete. You need a system to track what’s known as Expansion Revenue from upgrades and account for downgrades and churn. Failing to adjust for these movements gives you an inaccurate snapshot of your company’s health. Staying on top of these customer changes ensures your ARR reflects your business's current reality, not last quarter's, providing a more reliable foundation for your financial forecasts.
Not all contracts start neatly on the first of the month or the first of the year. When a customer signs up mid-period, simply annualizing that first partial payment can skew your ARR. A more precise method is to prorate the revenue. Some financial pros even suggest calculating a daily recurring rate and multiplying it by 365 to get a more accurate figure for contracts with unusual start dates. While this requires more detailed tracking, it prevents small inaccuracies from compounding over time. This is where having the right integrations between your billing and financial systems becomes incredibly helpful for maintaining accuracy without manual effort.
It’s easy to get excited about revenue, but you have to be careful not to count it twice. This mistake often happens when a business offers both a subscription product and related one-time services. For example, if you sell a software subscription but also charge for a separate implementation project, only the subscription fee should be part of your ARR. Including revenue from services that aren't ongoing will artificially inflate your numbers. The key is to clearly distinguish between your predictable, recurring income and any other revenue streams to keep your financial reporting clean and credible.
Your ARR should always reflect what a customer actually pays, not the price listed on your website. Many businesses offer discounts, promotional rates, or custom pricing to close a deal. Using the full list price instead of the discounted price will give you an overly optimistic ARR figure. Always base your calculation on the net revenue you receive from a customer after any discounts have been applied. This ensures your ARR is grounded in the actual cash flowing into your business, giving you a solid foundation for financial planning. If you're ready to see how automation can solve this, you can schedule a demo with our team.
Calculating your ARR is a great first step, but it doesn't tell the whole story. To truly understand your company's health and find opportunities for growth, you need to look at a few related metrics. These key performance indicators (KPIs) give you context, showing you not just what your revenue is, but why it's changing. Think of them as the diagnostic tools for your subscription business. They help you pinpoint what’s working, what isn’t, and where you should focus your energy to build a more stable and profitable company. Let's get into the essential metrics that every subscription-based business should be tracking.
Your Net ARR Growth Rate measures the change in your annual recurring revenue over a specific period, usually expressed as a percentage. It’s one of the most straightforward indicators of your company's trajectory. A healthy growth rate suggests you have a strong product-market fit and that your sales and marketing efforts are paying off. To calculate it, you'll look at new ARR from new customers and expansion ARR from existing ones, then subtract the ARR you lost from churn. This single number gives you a clear, high-level view of how quickly your business is growing, which is exactly what investors and stakeholders want to see. You can find more insights on tracking growth on our blog.
Churn is the kryptonite of any subscription business. Your ARR Churn Rate is the percentage of revenue you lose from customers who cancel or downgrade their plans. It’s important to distinguish between churned ARR (revenue lost from cancellations) and contraction ARR (revenue lost from downgrades). A high churn rate can be a red flag, signaling issues with your product, customer service, or pricing. Keeping a close eye on this metric helps you identify problems before they spiral out of control. Reducing churn is one of the most effective ways to stabilize your revenue and create a foundation for sustainable growth.
On the flip side of churn is Expansion ARR. This is the additional recurring revenue you generate from your existing customers. It comes from upgrades to higher-tier plans, cross-sells of other products, or add-on purchases. Expansion ARR is a fantastic indicator of customer satisfaction and loyalty—happy customers are more likely to spend more with you. It's also a highly efficient growth lever, since retaining and upselling an existing customer is almost always more cost-effective than acquiring a new one. A strong Expansion ARR shows that your product is delivering real value and growing alongside your customers' needs.
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) predicts the total profit your business will make from a single customer account. It’s a forward-looking metric that helps you understand the long-term worth of your customers. Knowing your CLV is critical for making smart business decisions, especially around marketing and sales spend. It helps you figure out how much you can afford to spend to acquire a new customer while remaining profitable. A high CLV is a sign of a healthy business with a loyal customer base, which directly contributes to a more predictable and robust ARR.
All of these metrics are only as good as the data they’re built on. Inaccurate calculations can lead to poor strategic decisions and misrepresent your company's health to your team and investors. This is where data quality and compliance become non-negotiable. Ensuring your data is clean, accurate, and compliant with standards like ASC 606 is fundamental. Without reliable data, you can't trust your growth rate, churn numbers, or CLV. Automated systems that handle revenue recognition properly ensure your metrics are always accurate, giving you the confidence to make informed decisions. HubiFi offers seamless integrations to keep your financial data consistent and reliable across all your platforms.
Manually tracking ARR in spreadsheets might work when you’re just starting, but it quickly becomes a source of errors and wasted time as your business grows. Relying on manual data entry can lead to inaccurate reports, missed growth opportunities, and compliance headaches. To get a clear and reliable picture of your revenue, you need a set of tools that work together seamlessly. The right technology stack not only ensures your numbers are correct but also gives you the insights needed to make smarter business decisions.
Think of it as building a command center for your revenue. You need software that understands complex accounting rules, platforms that turn raw data into clear visuals, and systems that talk to each other without constant manual intervention. By setting up a solid foundation with the right tools, you can move from simply calculating ARR to strategically using it to guide your company’s growth. Let’s walk through the essential components of a modern ARR tracking toolkit.
Specialized revenue recognition software is the cornerstone of accurate ARR tracking, especially for businesses with high transaction volumes. This software does more than just run the basic ARR formula; it ensures your calculations are compliant with accounting standards like ASC 606. It automatically handles complex scenarios like mid-cycle upgrades, prorated charges, and multi-year contracts, which are incredibly difficult to manage in a spreadsheet. By using dedicated software, you can trust that your financial statements are accurate and audit-ready. This allows you to focus on using the data to make choices about product development, marketing, and customer support, rather than spending your time verifying calculations.
Once your data is accurate, you need an effective way to visualize and understand it. This is where analytics and reporting platforms come in. These tools connect to your revenue data and transform it into easy-to-read dashboards that display your ARR trends and other key metrics. A well-designed dashboard can significantly cut down the time you spend reviewing numbers, giving you an at-a-glance view of your business's health. You can track net ARR growth, churn rates, and expansion revenue in real time. This visibility helps you spot trends as they happen, allowing you to react quickly to challenges and capitalize on opportunities for growth.
Your business uses multiple platforms—a CRM for customer relationships, a billing system for payments, and an ERP for financials. If these systems don't communicate, you create data silos that force your team into tedious manual reconciliation. Integrating your systems is key to automating ARR calculations and improving accuracy. When your billing and customer data flow automatically into your revenue recognition platform, you get a single source of truth. This eliminates copy-paste errors and ensures your ARR figures are always based on the most current information. HubiFi offers seamless integrations with the tools you already use, creating a connected ecosystem for your financial data.
Automation is the final piece of the puzzle. While spreadsheets might be a starting point for new companies, growing businesses need a more robust solution. Automating your ARR tracking saves countless hours and provides the real-time data necessary for agile decision-making. An automated system can instantly account for new sales, renewals, churn, and upgrades without any manual input. This means the ARR data you see is always up-to-date, giving you the confidence to build forecasts and set strategic goals. If you're ready to move beyond manual tracking, you can schedule a demo to see how an automated revenue recognition solution can work for your business.
Growing your Annual Recurring Revenue isn't about a single magic trick; it's about making consistent, smart improvements across your business. When you focus on delivering value and keeping your customers happy, your ARR naturally follows suit. Think of it as tending to a garden—small, regular actions lead to significant growth over time.
The key is to move beyond just tracking the number and start actively influencing it. This involves refining your offerings, strengthening customer relationships, and sharpening your internal processes. By focusing on a few core areas, you can create a powerful engine for sustainable revenue growth. Let's walk through four practical strategies you can implement to start improving your ARR.
Your subscription model is the foundation of your ARR. If it isn't structured for growth, you're leaving money on the table. Start by evaluating your pricing tiers. Do they encourage customers to upgrade as their needs grow? Offering clear value progression between tiers can make upselling a natural next step. Consider adding new features or services that can be offered as add-ons for an instant revenue lift from your existing customer base. The goal is to create a flexible model that attracts new customers while also providing clear paths for current ones to expand their investment with you.
Acquiring a new customer is always more expensive than keeping an existing one. That’s why customer retention is a critical lever for ARR growth. Happy, long-term customers provide a stable revenue base and are more likely to upgrade or purchase additional services. You can strengthen retention by offering exceptional customer support and actively listening to feedback. Simple actions, like creating a feedback loop or building a community around your product, can make customers feel valued and understood. When you prioritize the customer experience, you reduce churn and build a loyal following that fuels your growth.
As your business grows, managing revenue with spreadsheets becomes risky and inefficient. Manual tracking is prone to errors that can lead to inaccurate ARR calculations and compliance headaches. Automating your revenue recognition process saves countless hours and ensures your data is always accurate and up-to-date. Using a dedicated system gives you a real-time view of your financial health, making it easier to spot trends and make quick decisions. When your billing and customer data flow seamlessly, you can trust your numbers and focus on strategy instead of data entry. Explore how automated solutions can connect your existing tools to create a single source of truth.
Your customer data is a goldmine of insights that can directly impact your ARR. By analyzing how customers use your product, you can identify opportunities to improve your offerings and prevent churn. For example, if you notice a drop in usage for a specific feature, you can reach out to those users with training or gather feedback for improvements. Use data to guide your product roadmap, marketing campaigns, and customer support initiatives. Making informed choices based on real behavior rather than assumptions allows you to proactively meet customer needs. This approach not only keeps your current subscribers happy but also helps you build a product that consistently attracts new ones. You can find more valuable insights on how to use your financial data to grow.
Calculating Annual Recurring Revenue is one thing, but making it a central part of your company’s DNA is another. When every team member understands how their work contributes to ARR, you create a powerful, unified force for sustainable growth. An ARR-focused culture isn’t just about hitting numbers; it’s about building a business where everyone is invested in creating long-term value for customers. This means shifting the focus from one-time wins to building lasting relationships that generate predictable revenue.
This cultural shift starts from the top down but needs buy-in from every department. It involves transparent communication, shared goals, and the right tools to keep everyone informed and aligned. When your sales team understands the value of a multi-year contract over a single large payment, or when your customer success team sees how their retention efforts directly impact the company’s health, you’re on the right track. Building this mindset requires consistent effort in training, reviewing performance, and aligning departmental goals around this key metric. It’s about making ARR more than just a number on a spreadsheet—it’s the heartbeat of your business.
The first step is making sure everyone understands what ARR is and why it matters. It’s not just a metric for the finance team; it’s a key indicator of the company's health. Explain that ARR helps with predicting income, understanding customer behavior, and measuring overall performance. Hold training sessions or create simple, accessible documentation that breaks down how ARR is calculated and what factors influence it. When your team grasps the concept, they can see how their daily tasks—from closing a deal to resolving a support ticket—directly contribute to the company’s long-term stability and growth. You can find more valuable insights to share with your team on our blog.
To keep ARR top of mind, you need to talk about it regularly. Integrate ARR discussions into your team meetings, whether they’re weekly, monthly, or quarterly. These check-ins aren’t about pressure; they’re about transparency and problem-solving. Use these meetings to review performance, celebrate wins, and identify areas for improvement. Tracking your subscription revenue gives you an accurate picture of your business's health and success. With clear, real-time data, teams can make informed decisions and stay aligned on goals. If you want to see how automated reporting can simplify these reviews, you can schedule a demo with our team.
An ARR-focused culture thrives when every department is working toward the same goal. Marketing, sales, and customer success all play a critical role. Marketing generates leads for subscription products, sales focuses on closing long-term contracts, and customer success works to retain and expand customer accounts. It’s crucial to show how these efforts connect. For example, demonstrate how a successful marketing campaign leads to new subscriptions, which in turn grows ARR. Using tools with seamless integrations ensures that data flows freely between departments, giving everyone a unified view of the customer journey and its impact on recurring revenue.
Consistent monitoring is key to maintaining momentum. A strong ARR indicates a stable customer base and steady income, which are clear signs of a healthy business. Use dashboards to make ARR and related metrics visible to everyone in the company. When people can see the numbers in real time, they feel more connected to the outcomes. This transparency also helps you spot trends early, whether it’s a spike in churn or a successful upselling initiative. By consistently tracking your performance, you can adapt your strategies quickly and keep everyone focused on the activities that drive predictable, long-term growth. You can explore our pricing to find a plan that fits your tracking needs.
What's the difference between ARR and total annual revenue? Think of ARR as the predictable, stable core of your income. It only includes revenue from ongoing subscriptions that you can reasonably expect to continue. Total annual revenue, on the other hand, is the whole picture—it includes your ARR plus all the one-time charges like setup fees, consulting projects, and installation costs. While total revenue shows everything you brought in, ARR tells you about the health and stability of your subscription model.
Is it better to focus on Monthly Recurring Revenue (MRR) or Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR)? They are both essential, just for different perspectives. MRR is your go-to for short-term, operational planning. It helps you track monthly progress, set sales quotas, and manage cash flow. ARR gives you the high-level, strategic view. It’s perfect for annual forecasting, long-term goal setting, and communicating your company's overall health to investors. You don't choose one over the other; you use them together to get a complete picture.
My business has a mix of subscription and one-time fees. How should I report my revenue? The best practice is to track them separately. Your ARR should only reflect the predictable income from your subscriptions. All your one-time fees for services like training or setup should be reported as non-recurring revenue. Keeping these two streams distinct is crucial because it gives you and any stakeholders a clear, honest look at your company's financial stability and the performance of your subscription model.
At what point does it make sense to stop using spreadsheets and invest in an automated tool for ARR? The tipping point usually arrives when you start spending more time managing the spreadsheet than you do analyzing the data. If you find yourself worrying about formula errors, struggling to account for upgrades and downgrades, or realizing your numbers are always out of date, it’s time to switch. An automated tool removes the manual work and provides a reliable, real-time view of your revenue so you can make decisions with confidence.
Why is Expansion ARR from existing customers so important for growth? Expansion ARR is the additional revenue you get when current customers upgrade their plans or buy add-ons. It's a powerful growth engine because it proves your product is delivering real value—so much so that people are willing to pay more for it. It's also incredibly efficient. Acquiring a new customer is always more expensive than selling more to a happy, existing one, making expansion a cost-effective way to grow your business.
Former Root, EVP of Finance/Data at multiple FinTech startups
Jason Kyle Berwanger: An accomplished two-time entrepreneur, polyglot in finance, data & tech with 15 years of expertise. Builder, practitioner, leader—pioneering multiple ERP implementations and data solutions. Catalyst behind a 6% gross margin improvement with a sub-90-day IPO at Root insurance, powered by his vision & platform. Having held virtually every role from accountant to finance systems to finance exec, he brings a rare and noteworthy perspective in rethinking the finance tooling landscape.