
Get clear, actionable steps for multi element arrangement accounting. Learn how to recognize revenue, allocate prices, and stay compliant with key standards.
Think about your phone contract. You pay one monthly price, but you’re getting multiple things: the phone itself, the data plan, and maybe an insurance policy. The phone company can't claim they've earned the entire two-year contract value on day one. They earn it over time as they provide the service each month. This is the core idea behind multi element arrangement accounting. It’s a systematic way to handle revenue from bundled deals by breaking them down into their individual promises, or "performance obligations." It ensures your books reflect the value you’ve actually delivered, not just the value you’ve promised to deliver in the future.
If you’ve ever sold a product that comes bundled with a service—like a software license with an installation package and ongoing support—you’ve entered the world of multi-element arrangements. At its core, multi-element arrangement accounting is the process of recognizing revenue from a single contract that has several distinct deliverables, or "performance obligations." Instead of booking all the revenue the moment a customer signs, this method requires you to break the contract down into its individual parts and recognize the revenue for each part only when it has been delivered.
Think of it like a meal kit subscription. You pay one price, but you receive multiple items: the ingredients, the recipe card, and the delivery service. The company can't claim all the revenue until they've fulfilled each part of that promise. This approach to accounting ensures your financial statements accurately reflect the value you've provided to customers at any given time. For businesses in the U.S., the primary rulebook for this is ASC 606, a set of standards designed to make revenue reporting more consistent and transparent across industries. It’s a detailed framework, but its goal is straightforward: to paint a true picture of your company's financial performance.
The "elements" in a multi-element arrangement are the distinct goods or services you promise to a customer. Each one is a separate performance obligation. For example, a contract might include a physical product, an installation service, a software license, and a training session. The key is that each component is a standalone item that provides value to the customer on its own. Under ASC 606, you have to identify each of these components at the start of the contract. This first step is critical because it lays the foundation for how you’ll allocate the total contract price and recognize revenue over time.
Getting multi-element arrangement accounting right is crucial for your financial health. Proper compliance with ASC 606 ensures your revenue is represented accurately, which directly impacts your financial statements and builds investor confidence. If revenue is recognized too early or incorrectly, it can lead to restatements, audit issues, and a skewed perception of your company's performance. Automating this process with tools that offer seamless integrations with your existing systems can remove the manual work that often slows finance teams down, helping you close the books faster and with greater accuracy. Ultimately, mastering this process gives you a clearer view of your financial standing.
One of the biggest misconceptions about multi-element arrangements is that they are straightforward. In reality, these contracts introduce a significant layer of complexity. It’s not as simple as dividing the total price by the number of deliverables. You need a deep understanding of the accounting standards to correctly identify performance obligations and allocate the transaction price. Another common mistake is thinking this only applies to massive corporations. Any business that bundles products and services, regardless of size, needs to follow these rules. The team at HubiFi has seen firsthand how these complexities can trip up even the most diligent teams.
Think of a performance obligation as a promise you make to your customer within a contract. When you sell a bundle of goods and services, you’re not just making one big promise—you’re making several smaller ones. For example, if you sell a software license that includes installation and a year of customer support, you have three distinct promises: delivering the software, setting it up, and providing support. Each of these is a performance obligation.
Under revenue recognition standards like ASC 606, identifying these individual obligations is the first and most critical step. Why? Because you can only recognize revenue as you fulfill each specific promise. You can’t just book all the income when the contract is signed. Instead, you recognize a portion of the revenue when the software is delivered, another when it’s installed, and the rest over the year as you provide support. This approach gives a much more accurate picture of your company's financial health and ensures your books are compliant and audit-ready. Getting this right from the start prevents major headaches down the road.
So, how do you figure out what counts as a distinct element in your contract? The main question to ask is: Can the customer benefit from this good or service on its own? If you sell a product or service separately in other deals, it’s almost always a distinct performance obligation. For instance, if you sell a smartphone and a protection plan, the phone is distinct because a customer can buy and use it without the plan. The protection plan is also distinct because it can be sold separately. Breaking down your contracts this way helps you see each promise you need to fulfill.
Once you’ve identified the distinct parts of your contract, you need to figure out how much each one is worth. The guiding principle here is the "standalone selling price." This is simply the price you would charge a customer for that specific good or service if they bought it by itself. You'll use this price to allocate the total contract value across each performance obligation. For example, if a bundle costs $1,500, but the product sells for $1,200 on its own and the service for $400, you’ll use those standalone prices to determine how to split the $1,500 fairly between them.
A multi-element arrangement is just another way of saying you’re selling a bundle of products or services. The key difference is in how you account for it. With a standalone sale, revenue recognition is straightforward—you recognize the revenue when you deliver the single item. With a bundled sale, you have to treat it as a collection of standalone sales. You must assign a fair value to each separate part of the bundle and recognize the revenue for each part only when it has been delivered or completed. This prevents you from recognizing all the revenue upfront for services you haven't even provided yet.
Keeping clear, detailed records is non-negotiable for multi-element arrangements. Your best friend here is Vendor-Specific Objective Evidence (VSOE). This is your own historical sales data that proves the standalone selling price for each element in your bundle. For instance, if you claim your software license is worth $1,000, you need sales records showing you’ve consistently sold it for that price on its own. Having this data organized and accessible is crucial for passing audits. This is where having automated systems with seamless integrations becomes a lifesaver, as they can track and surface this information for you.
Once you've identified the different parts of your contract, the next big step is figuring out when and how to actually count the money as revenue. It’s not as simple as just waiting for the payment to hit your bank account. Proper revenue recognition is about matching the income you earn to the specific promises you fulfill for your customer. This process ensures your financial statements are accurate and compliant, giving you a true picture of your company's health. Getting this right involves a clear, systematic approach, especially when dealing with contracts that have multiple moving parts. Let's walk through the key steps and considerations.
To keep things clear and compliant, accounting standards provide a five-step model for recognizing revenue. Think of it as your roadmap. First, you need to identify the contract with your customer. Second, pinpoint the separate performance obligations within that contract—basically, each distinct promise you've made. Third, determine the total transaction price. Fourth, you'll allocate that total price across the different performance obligations. Finally, you recognize revenue as you satisfy each of those obligations. Following this framework consistently helps you avoid errors and ensures your books are always audit-ready. For a deeper look into these principles, our blog offers more detailed insights.
The "when" of revenue recognition is just as important as the "how much," and it largely depends on where your business operates. If you're a U.S.-based company, you'll follow the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) guidelines under ASC 606. For businesses outside the U.S., the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) sets the rules with IFRS 15. While these two standards are very similar, there are subtle differences you need to be aware of. Ensuring you adhere to the correct standard is non-negotiable for compliance. This is where an automated revenue recognition platform can be a game-changer, taking the guesswork out of complex compliance rules.
Contracts aren't always set in stone. Your customers might want to add a service, change the scope of a project, or adjust the terms mid-agreement. When a contract modification happens, you need to pause and assess what it means for your revenue recognition. Does the change add a new, distinct performance obligation? Or does it simply alter an existing one? Your answer determines how you'll account for the revenue going forward. For example, adding a new subscription service would likely be treated as a new contract, while a simple price change might just modify the existing one. Tracking these changes manually can be a headache, which is why having a system that can handle modifications is so important.
Sometimes, the total price of a contract isn't a fixed number. It might include bonuses, discounts, rebates, or other incentives that can change the final amount. This is called "variable consideration." When this is part of your deal, you need to estimate the amount you expect to actually receive and include it in the transaction price. The key is that you should only include it if you're confident there won't be a significant reversal later on. You can estimate this amount using either the "expected value" method (for many similar contracts) or the "most likely amount" method (for contracts with just two possible outcomes).
If your payment terms give either you or your customer a significant financing benefit, you need to account for it. This happens when there's a long gap between when you deliver a service and when the customer pays for it. For example, if a customer pays for a two-year software license upfront, they are essentially providing you with financing. Conversely, if you let a customer pay a year after you've delivered everything, you're financing them. In these cases, you must adjust the transaction price to reflect the time value of money, separating the revenue from the financing component. If this sounds complex, you can always schedule a demo to see how software can simplify the process.
Once you’ve identified the separate performance obligations in your contract, the next step is to assign a portion of the total contract price to each one. This process, known as allocating the transaction price, is essential for recognizing revenue accurately over time. Think of it as dividing a pie: each slice represents a distinct product or service, and its size is based on its individual value.
The goal is to figure out what each component is worth on its own, outside of the bundled deal. This ensures that you recognize the right amount of revenue at the right time as you deliver each part of the contract to your customer. Getting this step right is fundamental for compliance and gives you a clearer picture of your company’s financial performance. With a solid system, you can handle these allocations consistently and have the documentation ready for any audit. For a deeper look at the principles behind this, our HubiFi Blog offers more insights.
The standalone selling price is simply the price you would charge a customer for a specific good or service if they bought it separately. If you regularly sell items individually, this is easy—you already have the price. But what if you don’t? In that case, you’ll need to estimate it.
You can do this by looking at what your competitors charge for similar items or by considering your own costs plus a reasonable profit margin. Another approach is to review your pricing negotiations and internal data to determine a fair market value. The key is to use all available information to make a reasonable and defensible estimate. This price becomes the foundation for how you’ll allocate the total contract value among all the different parts of your agreement.
The most common way to allocate the transaction price is based on each performance obligation’s relative standalone selling price. This might sound complicated, but the concept is straightforward. You simply determine the standalone price for each item in the contract, add them all up, and then calculate what percentage of the total each item represents. You then apply that percentage to the total contract price to find the allocated amount for each obligation.
It’s important not to rely solely on the prices listed in the contract itself, as these can be misleading. A contract might show a steep discount on one item and the full price on another, but that doesn’t reflect their true individual values. Using the relative standalone price method ensures a more accurate and compliant allocation.
Contracts often include discounts, rebates, or other incentives that can complicate the allocation process. When you offer a discount on a bundled package, that discount needs to be spread proportionally across all the performance obligations in the contract. You can’t just apply it to one item and not the others.
For example, if you offer a 10% discount on a contract with three distinct services, you would typically reduce the allocated price of each of those three services by 10%. Keeping detailed records of how you calculated these adjustments is crucial. This documentation provides a clear trail that explains your reasoning and demonstrates that you’ve allocated the transaction price fairly and consistently, which is especially important during an audit.
The most reliable way to determine a standalone selling price is by using Vendor-Specific Objective Evidence, or VSOE. This is the gold standard because it’s based on your own historical data. VSOE is essentially the price you’ve charged for a specific product or service in past standalone sales.
To establish VSOE, you can use past sales invoices, published price lists, or other concrete data that shows a consistent price point for an item when sold on its own. This method is highly defensible because it’s not an estimate—it’s based on actual, verifiable transactions. Relying on VSOE removes guesswork and strengthens your accounting practices, making it easier to prove the value of each element in your arrangements. This level of accuracy is exactly what automated revenue recognition systems are designed to support.
Complex arrangements are, well, complex. They rarely go exactly as planned from start to finish. You'll likely deal with staggered delivery schedules, mid-stream contract changes, and the constant need to prove your numbers are accurate. Managing these moving parts requires a solid strategy and the right tools. Without them, you risk misstating revenue, failing an audit, and making business decisions based on faulty data. The key is to build a system that’s both rigorous and flexible.
You need clear processes for tracking performance, strong internal controls to ensure consistency, and meticulous records to back it all up. Let's walk through how to handle these common hurdles so you can manage even the most complicated contracts with confidence. We'll cover everything from juggling delivery dates to setting up the internal checks and balances that keep your financial reporting on track. An automated system with seamless integrations can make this process much easier by connecting your data sources and reducing manual work.
This is a common scenario: a customer signs a single contract for multiple products or services that will be delivered at different times. You can't recognize all the revenue upfront. Instead, you have to recognize it as each performance obligation is met. The rules for this depend on where your company is based. US companies follow the Financial Accounting Standards Board's (FASB) guidance in ASC Topic 606, while international companies adhere to IFRS 15. Both frameworks require you to tie revenue recognition directly to the delivery of value, ensuring your financial statements accurately reflect when you've earned the money, not just when you've billed for it.
Contracts aren't set in stone. A customer might add a service, change the scope of a project, or adjust a subscription tier. When these modifications happen, you need to reassess the contract's performance obligations and transaction price. For example, if a customer adds a new software service, you must account for it immediately. Even if they pay in monthly installments, the full value of the services they can use should be recorded as soon as they are delivered. This requires a dynamic approach to accounting that can adapt to changes without losing track of the original agreement's terms and the new value being provided.
When it comes to an audit, you need to be able to show your work. That means keeping detailed records that justify how you valued each part of a contract. The best way to do this is with Vendor-Specific Objective Evidence (VSOE). This is just a formal way of saying you have proof of what you've historically sold each component for on its own. Having this data on hand is crucial for defending your allocation methods. It removes subjectivity and demonstrates a consistent, evidence-based approach to revenue recognition, which is exactly what auditors want to see.
Strong internal controls are your financial reporting safety net. They are the processes and procedures that ensure your accounting is consistent, accurate, and compliant. Proper compliance with ASC 606 is about more than just following the rules; it’s fundamental to accurately representing your company's financial health. This impacts everything from your financial statements to investor confidence. By establishing clear workflows for contract review, revenue allocation, and documentation, you minimize the risk of errors and create a reliable system that supports your team and protects your business. Think of it as building the guardrails that keep your revenue recognition on the right path.
Meticulous record-keeping is non-negotiable in multi-element arrangement accounting. Your documentation should tell the complete story of each contract, from the initial agreement to the final delivery. A key practice is to always allocate the total contract price across all performance obligations based on their standalone selling prices. Document how you determined those prices, whether through VSOE, third-party evidence, or a residual approach. Keeping these records organized and accessible makes audits smoother and provides valuable insights for future pricing and contract structuring. If you're struggling to keep up, it might be time to schedule a demo to see how automation can help.
Navigating the rules of multi-element arrangement accounting can feel like a major undertaking, but it’s all about having a solid plan. Staying compliant isn’t just about avoiding penalties; it’s about presenting a clear and accurate picture of your company’s financial health. This builds trust with investors, partners, and customers. The two main standards you’ll encounter are ASC 606 for U.S. companies and IFRS 15 for international ones. While they have their own specifics, their goal is the same: to standardize how businesses report revenue from customer contracts.
Getting it right involves more than just reading the guidelines. It requires a combination of the right technology, a well-trained team, and robust internal processes. Automating revenue recognition can remove the manual guesswork and reduce the risk of human error, especially when you’re dealing with high volumes of complex contracts. But technology is only as good as the people using it. That’s why ongoing training and a culture of continuous improvement are so important. By establishing clear quality checks, you can ensure your financial reporting remains accurate and compliant over the long term. Let’s walk through the key steps to put these rules into practice effectively.
For businesses operating in the U.S., compliance with ASC 606 is non-negotiable. This standard requires you to accurately represent your revenue, which directly impacts your financial statements and how investors perceive your company’s performance. Adopting ASC 606 means you need a deep understanding of all your contract-related expenses and performance obligations. It often demands more detailed accounting processes than you might be used to. The complexity can be a challenge, but breaking it down into manageable steps makes it much more approachable. The key is to have a clear system for identifying each performance obligation and allocating revenue correctly as you fulfill your promises to the customer.
If your business operates internationally, you’ll be working with IFRS 15. Think of it as the global counterpart to ASC 606. Both standards were developed to create a unified, principles-based approach to revenue recognition across different industries and countries. IFRS 15 also centers on the five-step model for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. It ensures that companies recognize revenue when goods or services are transferred to the customer, and for the amount the company expects to receive. For businesses with a global footprint, understanding both standards is key to maintaining consistent and transparent financial reporting across all markets.
Manually tracking and allocating revenue for multi-element arrangements is not only slow but also prone to errors. This is where the right technology makes a world of difference. An automated revenue recognition platform can handle the heavy lifting by correctly identifying performance obligations, allocating the transaction price, and recognizing revenue as each part of the contract is fulfilled. This frees up your finance team to focus on strategic analysis instead of getting bogged down in spreadsheets. Look for a solution that offers seamless integrations with your existing accounting software, ERP, and CRM to ensure all your data works together smoothly.
Your team is your first line of defense in maintaining compliance. Implementing these complex accounting standards correctly requires a solid understanding of both the principles and the processes involved. Training and education are essential for equipping your staff to handle the nuances of multi-element arrangements. This isn’t a one-and-done event; as your business grows and contracts evolve, your team’s knowledge needs to keep pace. Regular training sessions and access to resources will empower them to manage revenue recognition confidently and accurately, reducing the risk of costly mistakes down the road.
Once you have the right systems and a trained team, you need a process to ensure everything stays on track. Establishing a quality assurance process creates a system of checks and balances for your financial reporting. This involves regular reviews of your contracts and revenue recognition practices to catch any inconsistencies or errors early. Fostering a culture of continuous learning is also a huge part of this. When your team is encouraged to ask questions and refine processes, you build a more resilient and accurate accounting function. This proactive approach not only ensures compliance but also strengthens the overall financial integrity of your business.
Managing multi-element arrangements effectively is less about reacting to accounting rules and more about building a proactive framework for financial clarity. When you have solid systems in place, compliance becomes a natural outcome of your daily operations, not a frantic year-end scramble. This approach not only keeps you on the right side of auditors but also provides the kind of reliable data you need to make smart, strategic decisions for your business.
Think of it as building a strong foundation. Without it, everything you try to build on top—from financial reporting to growth forecasting—will be unstable. The following strategies are the core pillars of that foundation. They help you create repeatable processes that reduce errors, improve transparency, and give you confidence in your numbers. By focusing on pricing, documentation, regular reviews, and risk management, you can turn a complex accounting challenge into a powerful business advantage. You can find more expert advice on our HubiFi blog.
When a contract includes multiple products or services, you can't just guess how to split the total price. The key is to create a consistent method for allocating the cost based on each component's relative standalone price—what each part would sell for on its own. This isn't a one-time task; it's about establishing a systematic approach that you can apply to every multi-element deal.
Your method should be based on observable evidence whenever possible, like price lists or recent sales of the individual items. Having a clear, documented pricing strategy ensures that your revenue recognition is logical, defensible, and aligned with accounting standards. This systematic approach removes ambiguity and provides a clear audit trail for every transaction.
Your documentation is the story of your financial decisions. It’s not enough to just do the calculations; you need to show your work. Clear records are essential for proving how you identified performance obligations and valued each part of a contract. This is your primary defense during an audit and a critical tool for maintaining internal consistency.
Your documentation should explain the why behind your decisions. Why was a particular service deemed distinct? How did you arrive at the standalone selling price for a software license? Keeping these records organized and accessible ensures that anyone—from a new team member to an external auditor—can understand your process and verify your conclusions. This level of transparency builds trust and minimizes compliance risks.
Multi-element arrangements are not static. Contracts get modified, deliverables change, and market prices fluctuate. A "set it and forget it" mindset is a recipe for trouble. That’s why establishing a regular review process is so important. This involves periodically checking in on your long-term contracts to ensure your revenue recognition timing and amounts are still accurate.
Managing these contracts manually can be incredibly complicated and prone to error. This is where technology can make a huge difference. Using an automated solution helps you track performance, manage modifications, and increase accuracy in your financial reports. By integrating your systems, you can create a seamless flow of information that makes regular reviews efficient and effective.
The biggest risk in multi-element accounting is non-compliance. Failing to adhere to standards like ASC 606 can lead to inaccurate financial statements, costly restatements, and a loss of investor confidence. A smart risk management strategy is about identifying potential issues before they become major problems. This requires a deep understanding of contract-related expenses and the implementation of robust accounting processes.
Your strategy should include strong internal controls, clear team responsibilities, and the right tools to handle complexity. An automated revenue recognition platform can be your greatest asset, ensuring that calculations are correct and compliance is maintained. By investing in the right systems, you can confidently meet ASC 606 requirements and protect your business's financial integrity.
Putting multi-element arrangement accounting into practice can feel like a puzzle, especially when you’re dealing with a high volume of complex contracts. It’s completely normal to run into a few hurdles along the way. The key is to anticipate these issues and have a solid plan for addressing them before they disrupt your financial reporting. Most of the challenges businesses face fall into a few common categories: getting different software systems to communicate, keeping a close watch on performance milestones, creating a repeatable process, and adapting as your business grows.
Tackling these areas isn't just about checking a compliance box for ASC 606. It’s about building a stronger, more efficient finance operation from the ground up. When your systems are connected and your processes are clear, you reduce the risk of costly errors and free up your team to focus on strategic analysis rather than manual data wrangling. Think of it as an investment in your company’s financial health and scalability. By addressing these challenges head-on, you can turn complex revenue recognition rules from a burden into a source of valuable business insight that helps you make smarter decisions. This shift from reactive compliance to proactive strategy is what separates good finance teams from great ones.
One of the biggest headaches in revenue recognition is that the data you need is often scattered across different systems. Your sales team lives in the CRM, your billing team uses a separate invoicing platform, and your accounting records are in an ERP. Getting these systems to talk to each other is crucial. Without a unified view, you’re left piecing together contract details manually, which is time-consuming and prone to error. True compliance with ASC 606 requires a single source of truth. The best approach is to use a solution that offers seamless integrations with your existing tools, pulling all relevant data into one place to automate revenue schedules accurately.
Recognizing revenue at the right time depends entirely on knowing when you’ve fulfilled each performance obligation. For businesses with thousands of contracts, manually tracking every delivery, service milestone, or subscription period is nearly impossible. This is where automation becomes your best friend. An automated system can monitor fulfillment triggers across all your contracts, whether revenue is recognized at a single point in time or over a specific term. This removes the manual guesswork and ensures your revenue is recorded accurately and on time, every time. It also gives your finance team the bandwidth to analyze performance instead of just tracking it, which you can learn more about on our company blog.
Ambiguity is the enemy of accurate accounting. To ensure consistency, you need a clearly defined and documented process for handling multi-element arrangements. This playbook should outline every step, from how your team identifies distinct performance obligations to how they allocate the transaction price. Having a clear process ensures that everyone on your team handles contracts the same way, which is vital for maintaining accurate records and passing audits. This clarity helps you manage all your performance obligations effectively and confidently. The right team of experts can help you build a process that fits your unique business needs.
Revenue recognition isn't a one-and-done task. As your business evolves, your contracts will change, and accounting standards may be updated. The best finance teams embrace a culture of continuous learning and improvement. Schedule regular reviews of your revenue recognition policies and procedures to ensure they still make sense for your business. Encourage your team to stay educated on the latest accounting rules and best practices. This proactive approach helps you adapt to change, foster innovation, and maintain a competitive edge. If you feel your current tools are making it difficult to adapt, it might be time to schedule a demo of a more flexible solution.
Is this type of accounting only for big software companies? Not at all. While it’s very common in the software industry, these rules apply to any business that sells bundled products and services. If you sell a piece of equipment that includes an installation fee and a one-year maintenance plan, you’re dealing with a multi-element arrangement. The same goes for a gym offering a membership that comes with personal training sessions. Any time a single contract includes more than one distinct promise to your customer, you need to account for it this way.
What's the most common mistake you see businesses make with these arrangements? The most frequent misstep is failing to properly allocate the total contract price based on the standalone value of each item. Many teams simply divide the price evenly among the deliverables or use the prices listed in the contract, which might have arbitrary discounts. The correct approach is to determine what each product or service would sell for on its own and use those values to split the total price proportionally. Getting this wrong can cause you to recognize revenue too early or too late, which can create major issues during an audit.
Can I just use spreadsheets to manage this, or do I really need special software? When you’re just starting out with a handful of simple contracts, you might be able to get by with spreadsheets. However, as your business grows and your contracts become more complex, spreadsheets quickly become a liability. They are prone to human error, difficult to maintain, and can’t scale with your business. An automated system ensures accuracy, provides a clear audit trail, and frees up your finance team from manual data entry so they can focus on more strategic work.
How do I handle a contract that changes after the customer has already signed? Contract modifications are a normal part of business, but they do require you to pause and reassess your accounting. When a change occurs, you need to determine if it adds new, distinct goods or services or if it simply alters the existing ones. Depending on the answer, you might treat the change as a brand-new contract or adjust the revenue allocation for the current one. The key is to document the change and update your revenue recognition schedule immediately to reflect the new terms.
What exactly is VSOE, and why is it so important for audits? VSOE stands for Vendor-Specific Objective Evidence. In simple terms, it’s your own historical sales data that proves the price of a product or service when you sell it by itself. It's the gold standard for justifying your revenue allocation because it’s not an estimate—it’s concrete proof based on actual transactions. During an audit, showing that your allocations are based on VSOE demonstrates that you have a consistent, evidence-based process, which makes your financial statements much more defensible.
Former Root, EVP of Finance/Data at multiple FinTech startups
Jason Kyle Berwanger: An accomplished two-time entrepreneur, polyglot in finance, data & tech with 15 years of expertise. Builder, practitioner, leader—pioneering multiple ERP implementations and data solutions. Catalyst behind a 6% gross margin improvement with a sub-90-day IPO at Root insurance, powered by his vision & platform. Having held virtually every role from accountant to finance systems to finance exec, he brings a rare and noteworthy perspective in rethinking the finance tooling landscape.